36_multiple_objects.cpp

#include <algorithm>
#include <array>
#include <assert.h>
#include <chrono>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cstring>
#include <fstream>
#include <iostream>
#include <limits>
#include <memory>
#include <optional>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <vector>

#if defined(__INTELLISENSE__) || !defined(USE_CPP20_MODULES)
#	include <vulkan/vulkan_raii.hpp>
#else
import vulkan_hpp;
#endif
#if defined(__ANDROID__)
#	include <vulkan/vulkan_android.h>
#	include <vulkan/vulkan_core.h>
#endif
#include <vulkan/vulkan_profiles.hpp>

#if defined(__ANDROID__)
#	define PLATFORM_ANDROID 1
#else
#	define PLATFORM_DESKTOP 1
#endif

// Include tinygltf instead of tinyobjloader
// TINYGLTF_IMPLEMENTATION is already defined in the command line
#define STB_IMAGE_WRITE_IMPLEMENTATION
#include <tiny_gltf.h>

// Include KTX library for texture loading
#include <ktx.h>

#if PLATFORM_ANDROID
#	include <android/asset_manager.h>
#	include <android/asset_manager_jni.h>
#	include <android/log.h>
#	include <game-activity/native_app_glue/android_native_app_glue.h>

// Declare and implement app_dummy function from native_app_glue
extern "C" void app_dummy()
{
	// This is a dummy function that does nothing
	// It's used to prevent the linker from stripping out the native_app_glue code
}

// Define AAssetManager type for Android
typedef AAssetManager AssetManagerType;

#	define LOGI(...) ((void) __android_log_print(ANDROID_LOG_INFO, "VulkanTutorial", __VA_ARGS__))
#	define LOGW(...) ((void) __android_log_print(ANDROID_LOG_WARN, "VulkanTutorial", __VA_ARGS__))
#	define LOGE(...) ((void) __android_log_print(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR, "VulkanTutorial", __VA_ARGS__))
#else
// Define AAssetManager type for non-Android platforms
typedef void AssetManagerType;
// Desktop-specific includes
#	define GLFW_INCLUDE_VULKAN
#	include <GLFW/glfw3.h>

// Define logging macros for Desktop
#	define LOGI(...)        \
		printf(__VA_ARGS__); \
		printf("\n")
#	define LOGW(...)        \
		printf(__VA_ARGS__); \
		printf("\n")
#	define LOGE(...)                 \
		fprintf(stderr, __VA_ARGS__); \
		fprintf(stderr, "\n")
#endif

#define GLM_FORCE_RADIANS
#define GLM_FORCE_DEPTH_ZERO_TO_ONE
#define GLM_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL
#define GLM_FORCE_CXX11
#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
#include <glm/gtx/hash.hpp>

constexpr uint32_t WIDTH  = 800;
constexpr uint32_t HEIGHT = 600;
// Update paths to use glTF model and KTX2 texture
const std::string MODEL_PATH           = "models/viking_room.glb";
const std::string TEXTURE_PATH         = "textures/viking_room.ktx2";
constexpr int     MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT = 2;
// Define the number of objects to render
constexpr int MAX_OBJECTS = 3;

// Define VpProfileProperties structure for Android only
#if PLATFORM_ANDROID
#	ifndef VP_PROFILE_PROPERTIES_DEFINED
#		define VP_PROFILE_PROPERTIES_DEFINED
struct VpProfileProperties
{
	char     name[256];
	uint32_t specVersion;
};
#	endif
#endif

// Define Vulkan Profile constants
#ifndef VP_KHR_ROADMAP_2022_NAME
#	define VP_KHR_ROADMAP_2022_NAME "VP_KHR_roadmap_2022"
#endif

#ifndef VP_KHR_ROADMAP_2022_SPEC_VERSION
#	define VP_KHR_ROADMAP_2022_SPEC_VERSION 1
#endif

struct AppInfo
{
	bool                profileSupported = false;
	VpProfileProperties profile;
};

#if PLATFORM_ANDROID
void android_main(android_app *app);

struct AndroidAppState
{
	ANativeWindow *nativeWindow = nullptr;
	bool           initialized  = false;
	android_app   *app          = nullptr;
};
#endif

#ifdef NDEBUG
constexpr bool enableValidationLayers = false;
#else
constexpr bool enableValidationLayers = true;
#endif

struct Vertex
{
	glm::vec3 pos;
	glm::vec3 color;
	glm::vec2 texCoord;

	static vk::VertexInputBindingDescription getBindingDescription()
	{
		return {0, sizeof(Vertex), vk::VertexInputRate::eVertex};
	}

	static std::array<vk::VertexInputAttributeDescription, 3> getAttributeDescriptions()
	{
		return {
		    vk::VertexInputAttributeDescription(0, 0, vk::Format::eR32G32B32Sfloat, offsetof(Vertex, pos)),
		    vk::VertexInputAttributeDescription(1, 0, vk::Format::eR32G32B32Sfloat, offsetof(Vertex, color)),
		    vk::VertexInputAttributeDescription(2, 0, vk::Format::eR32G32Sfloat, offsetof(Vertex, texCoord))};
	}

	bool operator==(const Vertex &other) const
	{
		return pos == other.pos && color == other.color && texCoord == other.texCoord;
	}
};

template <>
struct std::hash<Vertex>
{
	size_t operator()(Vertex const &vertex) const noexcept
	{
		return ((hash<glm::vec3>()(vertex.pos) ^ (hash<glm::vec3>()(vertex.color) << 1)) >> 1) ^ (hash<glm::vec2>()(vertex.texCoord) << 1);
	}
};

// Define a structure to hold per-object data
struct GameObject
{
	// Transform properties
	glm::vec3 position = {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f};
	glm::vec3 rotation = {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f};
	glm::vec3 scale    = {1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f};

	// Uniform buffer for this object (one per frame in flight)
	std::vector<vk::raii::Buffer>       uniformBuffers;
	std::vector<vk::raii::DeviceMemory> uniformBuffersMemory;
	std::vector<void *>                 uniformBuffersMapped;

	// Descriptor sets for this object (one per frame in flight)
	std::vector<vk::raii::DescriptorSet> descriptorSets;

	// Calculate model matrix based on position, rotation, and scale
	glm::mat4 getModelMatrix() const
	{
		glm::mat4 model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
		model           = glm::translate(model, position);
		model           = glm::rotate(model, rotation.x, glm::vec3(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f));
		model           = glm::rotate(model, rotation.y, glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f));
		model           = glm::rotate(model, rotation.z, glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
		model           = glm::scale(model, scale);
		return model;
	}
};

struct UniformBufferObject
{
	alignas(16) glm::mat4 model;
	alignas(16) glm::mat4 view;
	alignas(16) glm::mat4 proj;
};

class VulkanApplication
{
  public:
#if PLATFORM_ANDROID
	void cleanupAndroid()
	{
		// Clean up resources in each GameObject
		for (auto &gameObject : gameObjects)
		{
			// Unmap memory
			for (size_t i = 0; i < gameObject.uniformBuffersMemory.size(); i++)
			{
				if (gameObject.uniformBuffersMapped[i] != nullptr)
				{
					gameObject.uniformBuffersMemory[i].unmapMemory();
				}
			}

			// Clear vectors to release resources
			gameObject.uniformBuffers.clear();
			gameObject.uniformBuffersMemory.clear();
			gameObject.uniformBuffersMapped.clear();
			gameObject.descriptorSets.clear();
		}
	}

	void run(android_app *app)
	{
		androidAppState.nativeWindow = app->window;
		androidAppState.app          = app;
		app->userData                = &androidAppState;
		app->onAppCmd                = handleAppCommand;
		// Note: onInputEvent is no longer a member of android_app in the current NDK version
		// Input events are now handled differently

		int                  events;
		android_poll_source *source;

		while (app->destroyRequested == 0)
		{
			while (ALooper_pollOnce(androidAppState.initialized ? 0 : -1, nullptr, &events, (void **) &source) >= 0)
			{
				if (source != nullptr)
				{
					source->process(app, source);
				}
			}

			if (androidAppState.initialized && androidAppState.nativeWindow != nullptr)
			{
				drawFrame();
			}
		}

		if (androidAppState.initialized)
		{
			device.waitIdle();
			cleanupAndroid();
		}
	}
#else
	void run()
	{
		initWindow();
		initVulkan();
		mainLoop();
		cleanup();
	}
#endif

  private:
#if PLATFORM_ANDROID
	AndroidAppState androidAppState;

	static void handleAppCommand(android_app *app, int32_t cmd)
	{
		auto *appState = static_cast<AndroidAppState *>(app->userData);

		switch (cmd)
		{
			case APP_CMD_INIT_WINDOW:
				if (app->window != nullptr)
				{
					appState->nativeWindow = app->window;
					// We can't cast AndroidAppState to VulkanApplication directly
					// Instead, we need to access the VulkanApplication instance through a global variable
					// or another mechanism. For now, we'll just set the initialized flag.
					appState->initialized = true;
				}
				break;
			case APP_CMD_TERM_WINDOW:
				appState->nativeWindow = nullptr;
				break;
			default:
				break;
		}
	}

	static int32_t handleInputEvent(android_app *app, AInputEvent *event)
	{
		if (AInputEvent_getType(event) == AINPUT_EVENT_TYPE_MOTION)
		{
			float x = AMotionEvent_getX(event, 0);
			float y = AMotionEvent_getY(event, 0);

			LOGI("Touch at: %f, %f", x, y);

			return 1;
		}
		return 0;
	}
#else
	GLFWwindow *window = nullptr;
#endif

	AppInfo                          appInfo = {};
	vk::raii::Context                context;
	vk::raii::Instance               instance       = nullptr;
	vk::raii::DebugUtilsMessengerEXT debugMessenger = nullptr;
	vk::raii::SurfaceKHR             surface        = nullptr;
	vk::raii::PhysicalDevice         physicalDevice = nullptr;
	vk::raii::Device                 device         = nullptr;
	uint32_t                         queueIndex     = ~0;
	vk::raii::Queue                  queue          = nullptr;
	vk::raii::SwapchainKHR           swapChain      = nullptr;
	std::vector<vk::Image>           swapChainImages;
	vk::SurfaceFormatKHR             swapChainSurfaceFormat;
	vk::Extent2D                     swapChainExtent;
	std::vector<vk::raii::ImageView> swapChainImageViews;

	vk::raii::DescriptorSetLayout descriptorSetLayout = nullptr;
	vk::raii::PipelineLayout      pipelineLayout      = nullptr;
	vk::raii::Pipeline            graphicsPipeline    = nullptr;

	vk::raii::Image        depthImage       = nullptr;
	vk::raii::DeviceMemory depthImageMemory = nullptr;
	vk::raii::ImageView    depthImageView   = nullptr;

	vk::raii::Image        textureImage       = nullptr;
	vk::raii::DeviceMemory textureImageMemory = nullptr;
	vk::raii::ImageView    textureImageView   = nullptr;
	vk::raii::Sampler      textureSampler     = nullptr;
	vk::Format             textureImageFormat = vk::Format::eUndefined;

	std::vector<Vertex>    vertices;
	std::vector<uint32_t>  indices;
	vk::raii::Buffer       vertexBuffer       = nullptr;
	vk::raii::DeviceMemory vertexBufferMemory = nullptr;
	vk::raii::Buffer       indexBuffer        = nullptr;
	vk::raii::DeviceMemory indexBufferMemory  = nullptr;

	// Array of game objects to render
	std::array<GameObject, MAX_OBJECTS> gameObjects;

	vk::raii::DescriptorPool descriptorPool = nullptr;

	vk::raii::CommandPool                commandPool = nullptr;
	std::vector<vk::raii::CommandBuffer> commandBuffers;

	std::vector<vk::raii::Semaphore> presentCompleteSemaphores;
	std::vector<vk::raii::Semaphore> renderFinishedSemaphores;
	std::vector<vk::raii::Fence>     inFlightFences;
	uint32_t                         frameIndex = 0;

	bool framebufferResized = false;

	std::vector<const char *> requiredDeviceExtension = {
	    vk::KHRSwapchainExtensionName,
	    vk::KHRCreateRenderpass2ExtensionName};

#if PLATFORM_DESKTOP
	void initWindow()
	{
		glfwInit();

		glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CLIENT_API, GLFW_NO_API);
		glfwWindowHint(GLFW_RESIZABLE, GLFW_TRUE);

		window = glfwCreateWindow(WIDTH, HEIGHT, "Vulkan", nullptr, nullptr);
		glfwSetWindowUserPointer(window, this);
		glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebufferResizeCallback);
	}

	static void framebufferResizeCallback(GLFWwindow *window, int width, int height)
	{
		auto app                = static_cast<VulkanApplication *>(glfwGetWindowUserPointer(window));
		app->framebufferResized = true;
	}
#endif

  public:
	void initVulkan()
	{
		createInstance();
		setupDebugMessenger();
		createSurface();
		pickPhysicalDevice();
		createLogicalDevice();
		createSwapChain();
		createImageViews();
		createDescriptorSetLayout();
		createGraphicsPipeline();
		createCommandPool();
		createDepthResources();
		createTextureImage();
		createTextureImageView();
		createTextureSampler();
		loadModel();
		createVertexBuffer();
		createIndexBuffer();
		setupGameObjects();
		createUniformBuffers();
		createDescriptorPool();
		createDescriptorSets();
		createCommandBuffers();
		createSyncObjects();
	}

  private:
#if PLATFORM_DESKTOP
	void mainLoop()
	{
		while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
		{
			glfwPollEvents();
			drawFrame();
		}

		device.waitIdle();
	}
#endif

	void cleanupSwapChain()
	{
		swapChainImageViews.clear();
		swapChain = nullptr;
	}

#if PLATFORM_DESKTOP
	void cleanup()
	{
		// Clean up resources in each GameObject
		for (auto &gameObject : gameObjects)
		{
			// Unmap memory
			for (size_t i = 0; i < gameObject.uniformBuffersMemory.size(); i++)
			{
				if (gameObject.uniformBuffersMapped[i] != nullptr)
				{
					gameObject.uniformBuffersMemory[i].unmapMemory();
				}
			}

			// Clear vectors to release resources
			gameObject.uniformBuffers.clear();
			gameObject.uniformBuffersMemory.clear();
			gameObject.uniformBuffersMapped.clear();
			gameObject.descriptorSets.clear();
		}

		// Clean up GLFW resources
		glfwDestroyWindow(window);
		glfwTerminate();
	}
#endif

	void recreateSwapChain()
	{
#if PLATFORM_DESKTOP
		int width = 0, height = 0;
		glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);
		while (width == 0 || height == 0)
		{
			glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);
			glfwWaitEvents();
		}
#endif

		device.waitIdle();

		cleanupSwapChain();
		createSwapChain();
		createImageViews();
		createDepthResources();
	}

	void createInstance()
	{
		constexpr vk::ApplicationInfo appInfo{
		    .pApplicationName   = "Hello Triangle",
		    .applicationVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0),
		    .pEngineName        = "No Engine",
		    .engineVersion      = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0),
		    .apiVersion         = VK_API_VERSION_1_3};

		auto extensions = getRequiredExtensions();

		vk::InstanceCreateInfo createInfo{
		    .pApplicationInfo        = &appInfo,
		    .enabledExtensionCount   = static_cast<uint32_t>(extensions.size()),
		    .ppEnabledExtensionNames = extensions.data()};

		instance = vk::raii::Instance(context, createInfo);
		LOGI("Vulkan instance created");
	}

	void setupDebugMessenger()
	{
		// Debug messenger setup is disabled for now to avoid compatibility issues
		// This is a simplified approach to get the code compiling
		if (!enableValidationLayers)
			return;

		LOGI("Debug messenger setup skipped for compatibility");
	}

	void createSurface()
	{
#if PLATFORM_DESKTOP
		VkSurfaceKHR _surface;
		if (glfwCreateWindowSurface(*instance, window, nullptr, &_surface) != VK_SUCCESS)
		{
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create window surface!");
		}
		surface = vk::raii::SurfaceKHR(instance, _surface);
#else
		VkSurfaceKHR                  _surface;
		VkAndroidSurfaceCreateInfoKHR createInfo{
		    .sType  = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_ANDROID_SURFACE_CREATE_INFO_KHR,
		    .window = androidAppState.nativeWindow};
		if (vkCreateAndroidSurfaceKHR(*instance, &createInfo, nullptr, &_surface) != VK_SUCCESS)
		{
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create Android surface!");
		}
		surface = vk::raii::SurfaceKHR(instance, _surface);
#endif
	}

	void pickPhysicalDevice()
	{
		std::vector<vk::raii::PhysicalDevice> devices = instance.enumeratePhysicalDevices();
		const auto                            devIter = std::ranges::find_if(
            devices,
            [&](auto const &device) {
                // Check if the device supports the Vulkan 1.3 API version
                bool supportsVulkan1_3 = device.getProperties().apiVersion >= VK_API_VERSION_1_3;

                // Check if any of the queue families support graphics operations
                auto queueFamilies = device.getQueueFamilyProperties();
                bool supportsGraphics =
                    std::ranges::any_of(queueFamilies, [](auto const &qfp) { return !!(qfp.queueFlags & vk::QueueFlagBits::eGraphics); });

                // Check if all required device extensions are available
                auto availableDeviceExtensions = device.enumerateDeviceExtensionProperties();
                bool supportsAllRequiredExtensions =
                    std::ranges::all_of(requiredDeviceExtension,
			                                                       [&availableDeviceExtensions](auto const &requiredDeviceExtension) {
                                            return std::ranges::any_of(availableDeviceExtensions,
				                                                                                  [requiredDeviceExtension](auto const &availableDeviceExtension) {
                                                                           return strcmp(availableDeviceExtension.extensionName, requiredDeviceExtension) == 0;
                                                                       });
                                        });

                auto features                 = device.template getFeatures2<vk::PhysicalDeviceFeatures2, vk::PhysicalDeviceVulkan13Features, vk::PhysicalDeviceExtendedDynamicStateFeaturesEXT>();
                bool supportsRequiredFeatures = features.template get<vk::PhysicalDeviceVulkan13Features>().dynamicRendering &&
                                                features.template get<vk::PhysicalDeviceExtendedDynamicStateFeaturesEXT>().extendedDynamicState;

                return supportsVulkan1_3 && supportsGraphics && supportsAllRequiredExtensions && supportsRequiredFeatures;
            });

		if (devIter != devices.end())
		{
			physicalDevice = *devIter;

			// Check for Vulkan profile support
			VpProfileProperties profileProperties;
#if PLATFORM_ANDROID
			strcpy(profileProperties.name, VP_KHR_ROADMAP_2022_NAME);
#else
			strcpy(profileProperties.profileName, VP_KHR_ROADMAP_2022_NAME);
#endif
			profileProperties.specVersion = VP_KHR_ROADMAP_2022_SPEC_VERSION;

			VkBool32 supported = VK_FALSE;
			bool     result    = false;

#if PLATFORM_ANDROID
			// Create a vp::ProfileDesc from our VpProfileProperties
			vp::ProfileDesc profileDesc = {
			    profileProperties.name,
			    profileProperties.specVersion};

			// Use vp::GetProfileSupport for Android
			result = vp::GetProfileSupport(
			    *physicalDevice,        // Pass the physical device directly
			    &profileDesc,           // Pass the profile description
			    &supported              // Output parameter for support status
			);
#else
			// Use vpGetPhysicalDeviceProfileSupport for Desktop
			VkResult vk_result = vpGetPhysicalDeviceProfileSupport(
			    *instance,
			    *physicalDevice,
			    &profileProperties,
			    &supported);
			result = vk_result == static_cast<int>(vk::Result::eSuccess);
#endif
			const char *name = nullptr;
#ifdef PLATFORM_ANDROID
			name = profileProperties.name;
#else
			name = profileProperties.profileName;
#endif

			if (result && supported == VK_TRUE)
			{
				appInfo.profileSupported = true;
				appInfo.profile          = profileProperties;
				LOGI("Device supports Vulkan profile: %s", name);
			}
			else
			{
				LOGI("Device does not support Vulkan profile: %s", name);
			}
		}
		else
		{
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to find a suitable GPU!");
		}
	}

	void createLogicalDevice()
	{
		std::vector<vk::QueueFamilyProperties> queueFamilyProperties = physicalDevice.getQueueFamilyProperties();

		// get the first index into queueFamilyProperties which supports both graphics and present
		for (uint32_t qfpIndex = 0; qfpIndex < queueFamilyProperties.size(); qfpIndex++)
		{
			if ((queueFamilyProperties[qfpIndex].queueFlags & vk::QueueFlagBits::eGraphics) &&
			    physicalDevice.getSurfaceSupportKHR(qfpIndex, *surface))
			{
				// found a queue family that supports both graphics and present
				queueIndex = qfpIndex;
				break;
			}
		}
		if (queueIndex == ~0)
		{
			throw std::runtime_error("Could not find a queue for graphics and present -> terminating");
		}

		// query for Vulkan 1.3 features
		auto                                              features = physicalDevice.getFeatures2();
		vk::PhysicalDeviceVulkan13Features                vulkan13Features;
		vk::PhysicalDeviceExtendedDynamicStateFeaturesEXT extendedDynamicStateFeatures;
		vulkan13Features.dynamicRendering                 = vk::True;
		vulkan13Features.synchronization2                 = vk::True;
		extendedDynamicStateFeatures.extendedDynamicState = vk::True;
		vulkan13Features.pNext                            = &extendedDynamicStateFeatures;
		features.pNext                                    = &vulkan13Features;
		// create a Device
		float                     queuePriority = 0.5f;
		vk::DeviceQueueCreateInfo deviceQueueCreateInfo{.queueFamilyIndex = queueIndex, .queueCount = 1, .pQueuePriorities = &queuePriority};
		vk::DeviceCreateInfo      deviceCreateInfo{
		         .pNext                   = &features,
		         .queueCreateInfoCount    = 1,
		         .pQueueCreateInfos       = &deviceQueueCreateInfo,
		         .enabledExtensionCount   = static_cast<uint32_t>(requiredDeviceExtension.size()),
		         .ppEnabledExtensionNames = requiredDeviceExtension.data()};

		// Create the device with the appropriate features
		device = vk::raii::Device(physicalDevice, deviceCreateInfo);

		queue = vk::raii::Queue(device, queueIndex, 0);
	}

	void createSwapChain()
	{
		auto surfaceCapabilities = physicalDevice.getSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR(*surface);
		swapChainExtent          = chooseSwapExtent(surfaceCapabilities);
		swapChainSurfaceFormat   = chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(physicalDevice.getSurfaceFormatsKHR(*surface));
		vk::SwapchainCreateInfoKHR swapChainCreateInfo{.surface          = *surface,
		                                               .minImageCount    = chooseSwapMinImageCount(surfaceCapabilities),
		                                               .imageFormat      = swapChainSurfaceFormat.format,
		                                               .imageColorSpace  = swapChainSurfaceFormat.colorSpace,
		                                               .imageExtent      = swapChainExtent,
		                                               .imageArrayLayers = 1,
		                                               .imageUsage       = vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eColorAttachment,
		                                               .imageSharingMode = vk::SharingMode::eExclusive,
		                                               .preTransform     = surfaceCapabilities.currentTransform,
		                                               .compositeAlpha   = vk::CompositeAlphaFlagBitsKHR::eOpaque,
		                                               .presentMode      = chooseSwapPresentMode(physicalDevice.getSurfacePresentModesKHR(*surface)),
		                                               .clipped          = true};

		swapChain       = vk::raii::SwapchainKHR(device, swapChainCreateInfo);
		swapChainImages = swapChain.getImages();
	}

	void createImageViews()
	{
		assert(swapChainImageViews.empty());

		vk::ImageViewCreateInfo imageViewCreateInfo{
		    .viewType         = vk::ImageViewType::e2D,
		    .format           = swapChainSurfaceFormat.format,
		    .subresourceRange = {vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor, 0, 1, 0, 1}};
		for (auto& image : swapChainImages)
		{
			imageViewCreateInfo.image = image;
			swapChainImageViews.emplace_back(device, imageViewCreateInfo);
		}
	}

	void createDescriptorSetLayout()
	{
		std::array bindings = {
		    vk::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding(0, vk::DescriptorType::eUniformBuffer, 1, vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eVertex, nullptr),
		    vk::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding(1, vk::DescriptorType::eCombinedImageSampler, 1, vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eFragment, nullptr)};

		vk::DescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo layoutInfo{.bindingCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(bindings.size()), .pBindings = bindings.data()};
		descriptorSetLayout = vk::raii::DescriptorSetLayout(device, layoutInfo);
	}

	void createGraphicsPipeline()
	{
		vk::raii::ShaderModule shaderModule = createShaderModule(this->readFile("shaders/slang.spv"));

		vk::PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo vertShaderStageInfo{.stage = vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eVertex, .module = *shaderModule, .pName = "vertMain"};
		vk::PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo fragShaderStageInfo{.stage = vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eFragment, .module = *shaderModule, .pName = "fragMain"};
		vk::PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo shaderStages[] = {vertShaderStageInfo, fragShaderStageInfo};

		auto                                   bindingDescription    = Vertex::getBindingDescription();
		auto                                   attributeDescriptions = Vertex::getAttributeDescriptions();
		vk::PipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo vertexInputInfo{
		    .vertexBindingDescriptionCount   = 1,
		    .pVertexBindingDescriptions      = &bindingDescription,
		    .vertexAttributeDescriptionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(attributeDescriptions.size()),
		    .pVertexAttributeDescriptions    = attributeDescriptions.data()};
		vk::PipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo inputAssembly{
		    .topology               = vk::PrimitiveTopology::eTriangleList,
		    .primitiveRestartEnable = vk::False};
		vk::PipelineViewportStateCreateInfo viewportState{
		    .viewportCount = 1,
		    .scissorCount  = 1};
		vk::PipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo rasterizer{
		    .depthClampEnable        = vk::False,
		    .rasterizerDiscardEnable = vk::False,
		    .polygonMode             = vk::PolygonMode::eFill,
		    .cullMode                = vk::CullModeFlagBits::eBack,
		    .frontFace               = vk::FrontFace::eCounterClockwise,
		    .depthBiasEnable         = vk::False,
		    .lineWidth               = 1.0f};
		vk::PipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo multisampling{
		    .rasterizationSamples = vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e1,
		    .sampleShadingEnable  = vk::False};
		vk::PipelineDepthStencilStateCreateInfo depthStencil{
		    .depthTestEnable       = vk::True,
		    .depthWriteEnable      = vk::True,
		    .depthCompareOp        = vk::CompareOp::eLess,
		    .depthBoundsTestEnable = vk::False,
		    .stencilTestEnable     = vk::False};
		vk::PipelineColorBlendAttachmentState colorBlendAttachment{
			.blendEnable    = vk::False,	    
			.colorWriteMask = vk::ColorComponentFlagBits::eR | vk::ColorComponentFlagBits::eG | vk::ColorComponentFlagBits::eB | vk::ColorComponentFlagBits::eA};
		vk::PipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo colorBlending{
		    .logicOpEnable   = vk::False,
		    .logicOp         = vk::LogicOp::eCopy,
		    .attachmentCount = 1,
		    .pAttachments    = &colorBlendAttachment};
		std::vector dynamicStates = {
		    vk::DynamicState::eViewport,
		    vk::DynamicState::eScissor};
		vk::PipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo dynamicState{.dynamicStateCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(dynamicStates.size()), .pDynamicStates = dynamicStates.data()};

		vk::PipelineLayoutCreateInfo pipelineLayoutInfo{.setLayoutCount = 1, .pSetLayouts = &*descriptorSetLayout, .pushConstantRangeCount = 0};

		pipelineLayout = vk::raii::PipelineLayout(device, pipelineLayoutInfo);

		vk::Format depthFormat = findDepthFormat();

		vk::StructureChain<vk::GraphicsPipelineCreateInfo, vk::PipelineRenderingCreateInfo> pipelineCreateInfoChain = {
		    {.stageCount          = 2,
		     .pStages             = shaderStages,
		     .pVertexInputState   = &vertexInputInfo,
		     .pInputAssemblyState = &inputAssembly,
		     .pViewportState      = &viewportState,
		     .pRasterizationState = &rasterizer,
		     .pMultisampleState   = &multisampling,
		     .pDepthStencilState  = &depthStencil,
		     .pColorBlendState    = &colorBlending,
		     .pDynamicState       = &dynamicState,
		     .layout              = *pipelineLayout,
		     .renderPass          = nullptr},
		    {.colorAttachmentCount = 1, .pColorAttachmentFormats = &swapChainSurfaceFormat.format, .depthAttachmentFormat = depthFormat}};

		graphicsPipeline = vk::raii::Pipeline(device, nullptr, pipelineCreateInfoChain.get<vk::GraphicsPipelineCreateInfo>());
	}

	void createCommandPool()
	{
		vk::CommandPoolCreateInfo poolInfo{
		    .flags            = vk::CommandPoolCreateFlagBits::eResetCommandBuffer,
		    .queueFamilyIndex = queueIndex};
		commandPool = vk::raii::CommandPool(device, poolInfo);
	}

	void createDepthResources()
	{
		vk::Format depthFormat = findDepthFormat();

		createImage(swapChainExtent.width, swapChainExtent.height, depthFormat, vk::ImageTiling::eOptimal, vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eDepthStencilAttachment, vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eDeviceLocal, depthImage, depthImageMemory);
		depthImageView = createImageView(depthImage, depthFormat, vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eDepth);
	}

	vk::Format findSupportedFormat(const std::vector<vk::Format> &candidates, vk::ImageTiling tiling, vk::FormatFeatureFlags features) const
	{
		for (const auto format : candidates)
		{
			vk::FormatProperties props = physicalDevice.getFormatProperties(format);

			if (tiling == vk::ImageTiling::eLinear && (props.linearTilingFeatures & features) == features)
			{
				return format;
			}
			if (tiling == vk::ImageTiling::eOptimal && (props.optimalTilingFeatures & features) == features)
			{
				return format;
			}
		}

		throw std::runtime_error("failed to find supported format!");
	}

	[[nodiscard]] vk::Format findDepthFormat() const
	{
		return findSupportedFormat(
		    {vk::Format::eD32Sfloat, vk::Format::eD32SfloatS8Uint, vk::Format::eD24UnormS8Uint},
		    vk::ImageTiling::eOptimal,
		    vk::FormatFeatureFlagBits::eDepthStencilAttachment);
	}

	static bool hasStencilComponent(vk::Format format)
	{
		return format == vk::Format::eD32SfloatS8Uint || format == vk::Format::eD24UnormS8Uint;
	}

	void createTextureImage()
	{
		// Load KTX2 texture instead of using stb_image
		ktxTexture    *kTexture;
		KTX_error_code result = ktxTexture_CreateFromNamedFile(
		    TEXTURE_PATH.c_str(),
		    KTX_TEXTURE_CREATE_LOAD_IMAGE_DATA_BIT,
		    &kTexture);

		if (result != KTX_SUCCESS)
		{
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to load ktx texture image!");
		}

		// Get texture dimensions and data
		uint32_t     texWidth       = kTexture->baseWidth;
		uint32_t     texHeight      = kTexture->baseHeight;
		ktx_size_t   imageSize      = ktxTexture_GetImageSize(kTexture, 0);
		ktx_uint8_t *ktxTextureData = ktxTexture_GetData(kTexture);

		vk::raii::Buffer       stagingBuffer({});
		vk::raii::DeviceMemory stagingBufferMemory({});
		createBuffer(imageSize, vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eTransferSrc, vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostVisible | vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostCoherent, stagingBuffer, stagingBufferMemory);

		void *data = stagingBufferMemory.mapMemory(0, imageSize);
		memcpy(data, ktxTextureData, imageSize);
		stagingBufferMemory.unmapMemory();

		// Determine the Vulkan format from KTX format
		vk::Format textureFormat;

		// Check if the KTX texture has a format
		if (kTexture->classId == ktxTexture2_c)
		{
			// For KTX2 files, we can get the format directly
			auto *ktx2    = reinterpret_cast<ktxTexture2 *>(kTexture);
			textureFormat = static_cast<vk::Format>(ktx2->vkFormat);
			if (textureFormat == vk::Format::eUndefined)
			{
				// If the format is undefined, fall back to a reasonable default
				textureFormat = vk::Format::eR8G8B8A8Unorm;
			}
		}
		else
		{
			// For KTX1 files or if we can't determine the format, use a reasonable default
			textureFormat = vk::Format::eR8G8B8A8Unorm;
		}

		textureImageFormat = textureFormat;

		createImage(texWidth, texHeight, textureFormat, vk::ImageTiling::eOptimal,
		            vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eTransferDst | vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eSampled,
		            vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eDeviceLocal, textureImage, textureImageMemory);

		transitionImageLayout(textureImage, vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined, vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal);
		copyBufferToImage(stagingBuffer, textureImage, texWidth, texHeight);
		transitionImageLayout(textureImage, vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal, vk::ImageLayout::eShaderReadOnlyOptimal);

		ktxTexture_Destroy(kTexture);
	}

	void createTextureImageView()
	{
		textureImageView = createImageView(textureImage, textureImageFormat, vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor);
	}

	void createTextureSampler()
	{
		vk::PhysicalDeviceProperties properties = physicalDevice.getProperties();
		vk::SamplerCreateInfo        samplerInfo{
		           .magFilter        = vk::Filter::eLinear,
		           .minFilter        = vk::Filter::eLinear,
		           .mipmapMode       = vk::SamplerMipmapMode::eLinear,
		           .addressModeU     = vk::SamplerAddressMode::eRepeat,
		           .addressModeV     = vk::SamplerAddressMode::eRepeat,
		           .addressModeW     = vk::SamplerAddressMode::eRepeat,
		           .mipLodBias       = 0.0f,
		           .anisotropyEnable = vk::True,
		           .maxAnisotropy    = properties.limits.maxSamplerAnisotropy,
		           .compareEnable    = vk::False,
		           .compareOp        = vk::CompareOp::eAlways};
		textureSampler = vk::raii::Sampler(device, samplerInfo);
	}

	vk::raii::ImageView createImageView(vk::raii::Image &image, vk::Format format, vk::ImageAspectFlags aspectFlags)
	{
		vk::ImageViewCreateInfo viewInfo{
		    .image            = *image,
		    .viewType         = vk::ImageViewType::e2D,
		    .format           = format,
		    .subresourceRange = {aspectFlags, 0, 1, 0, 1}};
		return vk::raii::ImageView(device, viewInfo);
	}

	void createImage(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, vk::Format format, vk::ImageTiling tiling, vk::ImageUsageFlags usage, vk::MemoryPropertyFlags properties, vk::raii::Image &image, vk::raii::DeviceMemory &imageMemory)
	{
		vk::ImageCreateInfo imageInfo{
		    .imageType     = vk::ImageType::e2D,
		    .format        = format,
		    .extent        = {width, height, 1},
		    .mipLevels     = 1,
		    .arrayLayers   = 1,
		    .samples       = vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e1,
		    .tiling        = tiling,
		    .usage         = usage,
		    .sharingMode   = vk::SharingMode::eExclusive,
		    .initialLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined};
		image = vk::raii::Image(device, imageInfo);

		vk::MemoryRequirements memRequirements = image.getMemoryRequirements();
		vk::MemoryAllocateInfo allocInfo{
		    .allocationSize  = memRequirements.size,
		    .memoryTypeIndex = findMemoryType(memRequirements.memoryTypeBits, properties)};
		imageMemory = vk::raii::DeviceMemory(device, allocInfo);
		image.bindMemory(*imageMemory, 0);
	}

	void transitionImageLayout(const vk::raii::Image &image, vk::ImageLayout oldLayout, vk::ImageLayout newLayout)
	{
		auto commandBuffer = beginSingleTimeCommands();

		vk::ImageMemoryBarrier barrier{
		    .oldLayout        = oldLayout,
		    .newLayout        = newLayout,
		    .image            = *image,
		    .subresourceRange = {vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor, 0, 1, 0, 1}};

		vk::PipelineStageFlags sourceStage;
		vk::PipelineStageFlags destinationStage;

		if (oldLayout == vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined && newLayout == vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal)
		{
			barrier.srcAccessMask = {};
			barrier.dstAccessMask = vk::AccessFlagBits::eTransferWrite;

			sourceStage      = vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTopOfPipe;
			destinationStage = vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTransfer;
		}
		else if (oldLayout == vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal && newLayout == vk::ImageLayout::eShaderReadOnlyOptimal)
		{
			barrier.srcAccessMask = vk::AccessFlagBits::eTransferWrite;
			barrier.dstAccessMask = vk::AccessFlagBits::eShaderRead;

			sourceStage      = vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTransfer;
			destinationStage = vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eFragmentShader;
		}
		else
		{
			throw std::invalid_argument("unsupported layout transition!");
		}
		commandBuffer->pipelineBarrier(sourceStage, destinationStage, {}, {}, nullptr, barrier);
		endSingleTimeCommands(*commandBuffer);
	}

	void copyBufferToImage(const vk::raii::Buffer &buffer, vk::raii::Image &image, uint32_t width, uint32_t height)
	{
		std::unique_ptr<vk::raii::CommandBuffer> commandBuffer = beginSingleTimeCommands();
		vk::BufferImageCopy                      region{
		                         .bufferOffset      = 0,
		                         .bufferRowLength   = 0,
		                         .bufferImageHeight = 0,
		                         .imageSubresource  = {vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor, 0, 0, 1},
		                         .imageOffset       = {0, 0, 0},
		                         .imageExtent       = {width, height, 1}};
		commandBuffer->copyBufferToImage(*buffer, *image, vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal, {region});
		endSingleTimeCommands(*commandBuffer);
	}

	void loadModel()
	{
		// Use tinygltf to load the model instead of tinyobjloader
		tinygltf::Model    model;
		tinygltf::TinyGLTF loader;
		std::string        err;
		std::string        warn;

		bool ret = loader.LoadBinaryFromFile(&model, &err, &warn, MODEL_PATH);

		if (!warn.empty())
		{
			std::cout << "glTF warning: " << warn << std::endl;
		}

		if (!err.empty())
		{
			std::cout << "glTF error: " << err << std::endl;
		}

		if (!ret)
		{
			throw std::runtime_error("Failed to load glTF model");
		}

		vertices.clear();
		indices.clear();

		// Process all meshes in the model
		for (const auto &mesh : model.meshes)
		{
			for (const auto &primitive : mesh.primitives)
			{
				// Get indices
				const tinygltf::Accessor   &indexAccessor   = model.accessors[primitive.indices];
				const tinygltf::BufferView &indexBufferView = model.bufferViews[indexAccessor.bufferView];
				const tinygltf::Buffer     &indexBuffer     = model.buffers[indexBufferView.buffer];

				// Get vertex positions
				const tinygltf::Accessor   &posAccessor   = model.accessors[primitive.attributes.at("POSITION")];
				const tinygltf::BufferView &posBufferView = model.bufferViews[posAccessor.bufferView];
				const tinygltf::Buffer     &posBuffer     = model.buffers[posBufferView.buffer];

				// Get texture coordinates if available
				bool                        hasTexCoords       = primitive.attributes.find("TEXCOORD_0") != primitive.attributes.end();
				const tinygltf::Accessor   *texCoordAccessor   = nullptr;
				const tinygltf::BufferView *texCoordBufferView = nullptr;
				const tinygltf::Buffer     *texCoordBuffer     = nullptr;

				if (hasTexCoords)
				{
					texCoordAccessor   = &model.accessors[primitive.attributes.at("TEXCOORD_0")];
					texCoordBufferView = &model.bufferViews[texCoordAccessor->bufferView];
					texCoordBuffer     = &model.buffers[texCoordBufferView->buffer];
				}

				uint32_t baseVertex = static_cast<uint32_t>(vertices.size());

				for (size_t i = 0; i < posAccessor.count; i++)
				{
					Vertex vertex{};

					const float *pos = reinterpret_cast<const float *>(&posBuffer.data[posBufferView.byteOffset + posAccessor.byteOffset + i * 12]);
					vertex.pos       = {pos[0], pos[1], pos[2]};

					if (hasTexCoords)
					{
						const float *texCoord = reinterpret_cast<const float *>(&texCoordBuffer->data[texCoordBufferView->byteOffset + texCoordAccessor->byteOffset + i * 8]);
						vertex.texCoord       = {texCoord[0], texCoord[1]};
					}
					else
					{
						vertex.texCoord = {0.0f, 0.0f};
					}

					vertex.color = {1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f};

					vertices.push_back(vertex);
				}

				const unsigned char *indexData   = &indexBuffer.data[indexBufferView.byteOffset + indexAccessor.byteOffset];
				size_t               indexCount  = indexAccessor.count;
				size_t               indexStride = 0;

				// Determine index stride based on component type
				if (indexAccessor.componentType == TINYGLTF_COMPONENT_TYPE_UNSIGNED_SHORT)
				{
					indexStride = sizeof(uint16_t);
				}
				else if (indexAccessor.componentType == TINYGLTF_COMPONENT_TYPE_UNSIGNED_INT)
				{
					indexStride = sizeof(uint32_t);
				}
				else if (indexAccessor.componentType == TINYGLTF_COMPONENT_TYPE_UNSIGNED_BYTE)
				{
					indexStride = sizeof(uint8_t);
				}
				else
				{
					throw std::runtime_error("Unsupported index component type");
				}

				indices.reserve(indices.size() + indexCount);

				for (size_t i = 0; i < indexCount; i++)
				{
					uint32_t index = 0;

					if (indexAccessor.componentType == TINYGLTF_COMPONENT_TYPE_UNSIGNED_SHORT)
					{
						index = *reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t *>(indexData + i * indexStride);
					}
					else if (indexAccessor.componentType == TINYGLTF_COMPONENT_TYPE_UNSIGNED_INT)
					{
						index = *reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t *>(indexData + i * indexStride);
					}
					else if (indexAccessor.componentType == TINYGLTF_COMPONENT_TYPE_UNSIGNED_BYTE)
					{
						index = *reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t *>(indexData + i * indexStride);
					}

					indices.push_back(baseVertex + index);
				}
			}
		}
	}

	void createVertexBuffer()
	{
		vk::DeviceSize         bufferSize = sizeof(vertices[0]) * vertices.size();
		vk::raii::Buffer       stagingBuffer({});
		vk::raii::DeviceMemory stagingBufferMemory({});
		createBuffer(bufferSize, vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eTransferSrc, vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostVisible | vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostCoherent, stagingBuffer, stagingBufferMemory);

		void *dataStaging = stagingBufferMemory.mapMemory(0, bufferSize);
		memcpy(dataStaging, vertices.data(), bufferSize);
		stagingBufferMemory.unmapMemory();

		createBuffer(bufferSize, vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eTransferDst | vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eVertexBuffer, vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eDeviceLocal, vertexBuffer, vertexBufferMemory);

		copyBuffer(stagingBuffer, vertexBuffer, bufferSize);
	}

	void createIndexBuffer()
	{
		vk::DeviceSize bufferSize = sizeof(indices[0]) * indices.size();

		vk::raii::Buffer       stagingBuffer({});
		vk::raii::DeviceMemory stagingBufferMemory({});
		createBuffer(bufferSize, vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eTransferSrc, vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostVisible | vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostCoherent, stagingBuffer, stagingBufferMemory);

		void *data = stagingBufferMemory.mapMemory(0, bufferSize);
		memcpy(data, indices.data(), bufferSize);
		stagingBufferMemory.unmapMemory();

		createBuffer(bufferSize, vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eTransferDst | vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eIndexBuffer, vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eDeviceLocal, indexBuffer, indexBufferMemory);

		copyBuffer(stagingBuffer, indexBuffer, bufferSize);
	}

	// Initialize the game objects with different positions, rotations, and scales
	void setupGameObjects()
	{
		// Object 1 - Center
		gameObjects[0].position = {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f};
		gameObjects[0].rotation = {0.0f, glm::radians(-90.0f), 0.0f};
		gameObjects[0].scale    = {1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f};

		// Object 2 - Left
		gameObjects[1].position = {-2.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f};
		gameObjects[1].rotation = {0.0f, glm::radians(-45.0f), 0.0f};
		gameObjects[1].scale    = {0.75f, 0.75f, 0.75f};

		// Object 3 - Right
		gameObjects[2].position = {2.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f};
		gameObjects[2].rotation = {0.0f, glm::radians(45.0f), 0.0f};
		gameObjects[2].scale    = {0.75f, 0.75f, 0.75f};
	}

	// Create uniform buffers for each object
	void createUniformBuffers()
	{
		// For each game object
		for (auto &gameObject : gameObjects)
		{
			gameObject.uniformBuffers.clear();
			gameObject.uniformBuffersMemory.clear();
			gameObject.uniformBuffersMapped.clear();

			// Create uniform buffers for each frame in flight
			for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++)
			{
				vk::DeviceSize         bufferSize = sizeof(UniformBufferObject);
				vk::raii::Buffer       buffer({});
				vk::raii::DeviceMemory bufferMem({});
				createBuffer(bufferSize, vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eUniformBuffer, vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostVisible | vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostCoherent, buffer, bufferMem);
				gameObject.uniformBuffers.emplace_back(std::move(buffer));
				gameObject.uniformBuffersMemory.emplace_back(std::move(bufferMem));
				gameObject.uniformBuffersMapped.emplace_back(gameObject.uniformBuffersMemory[i].mapMemory(0, bufferSize));
			}
		}
	}

	void createDescriptorPool()
	{
		// We need MAX_OBJECTS * MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT descriptor sets
		std::array poolSize{
		    vk::DescriptorPoolSize(vk::DescriptorType::eUniformBuffer, MAX_OBJECTS * MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT),
		    vk::DescriptorPoolSize(vk::DescriptorType::eCombinedImageSampler, MAX_OBJECTS * MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT)};
		vk::DescriptorPoolCreateInfo poolInfo{
		    .flags         = vk::DescriptorPoolCreateFlagBits::eFreeDescriptorSet,
		    .maxSets       = MAX_OBJECTS * MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT,
		    .poolSizeCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(poolSize.size()),
		    .pPoolSizes    = poolSize.data()};
		descriptorPool = vk::raii::DescriptorPool(device, poolInfo);
	}

	void createDescriptorSets()
	{
		// For each game object
		for (auto &gameObject : gameObjects)
		{
			// Create descriptor sets for each frame in flight
			std::vector<vk::DescriptorSetLayout> layouts(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT, *descriptorSetLayout);
			vk::DescriptorSetAllocateInfo        allocInfo{
			           .descriptorPool     = *descriptorPool,
			           .descriptorSetCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(layouts.size()),
			           .pSetLayouts        = layouts.data()};

			gameObject.descriptorSets.clear();
			gameObject.descriptorSets = device.allocateDescriptorSets(allocInfo);

			for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++)
			{
				vk::DescriptorBufferInfo bufferInfo{
				    .buffer = *gameObject.uniformBuffers[i],
				    .offset = 0,
				    .range  = sizeof(UniformBufferObject)};
				vk::DescriptorImageInfo imageInfo{
				    .sampler     = *textureSampler,
				    .imageView   = *textureImageView,
				    .imageLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eShaderReadOnlyOptimal};
				std::array descriptorWrites{
				    vk::WriteDescriptorSet{
				        .dstSet          = *gameObject.descriptorSets[i],
				        .dstBinding      = 0,
				        .dstArrayElement = 0,
				        .descriptorCount = 1,
				        .descriptorType  = vk::DescriptorType::eUniformBuffer,
				        .pBufferInfo     = &bufferInfo},
				    vk::WriteDescriptorSet{
				        .dstSet          = *gameObject.descriptorSets[i],
				        .dstBinding      = 1,
				        .dstArrayElement = 0,
				        .descriptorCount = 1,
				        .descriptorType  = vk::DescriptorType::eCombinedImageSampler,
				        .pImageInfo      = &imageInfo}};
				device.updateDescriptorSets(descriptorWrites, {});
			}
		}
	}

	void createBuffer(vk::DeviceSize size, vk::BufferUsageFlags usage, vk::MemoryPropertyFlags properties, vk::raii::Buffer &buffer, vk::raii::DeviceMemory &bufferMemory)
	{
		vk::BufferCreateInfo bufferInfo{
		    .size        = size,
		    .usage       = usage,
		    .sharingMode = vk::SharingMode::eExclusive};
		buffer                                 = vk::raii::Buffer(device, bufferInfo);
		vk::MemoryRequirements memRequirements = buffer.getMemoryRequirements();
		vk::MemoryAllocateInfo allocInfo{
		    .allocationSize  = memRequirements.size,
		    .memoryTypeIndex = findMemoryType(memRequirements.memoryTypeBits, properties)};
		bufferMemory = vk::raii::DeviceMemory(device, allocInfo);
		buffer.bindMemory(*bufferMemory, 0);
	}

	std::unique_ptr<vk::raii::CommandBuffer> beginSingleTimeCommands()
	{
		vk::CommandBufferAllocateInfo allocInfo{
		    .commandPool        = *commandPool,
		    .level              = vk::CommandBufferLevel::ePrimary,
		    .commandBufferCount = 1};
		std::unique_ptr<vk::raii::CommandBuffer> commandBuffer = std::make_unique<vk::raii::CommandBuffer>(std::move(vk::raii::CommandBuffers(device, allocInfo).front()));

		vk::CommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo{
		    .flags = vk::CommandBufferUsageFlagBits::eOneTimeSubmit};
		commandBuffer->begin(beginInfo);

		return commandBuffer;
	}

	void endSingleTimeCommands(const vk::raii::CommandBuffer &commandBuffer) const
	{
		commandBuffer.end();

		vk::SubmitInfo submitInfo{.commandBufferCount = 1, .pCommandBuffers = &*commandBuffer};
		queue.submit(submitInfo, nullptr);
		queue.waitIdle();
	}

	void copyBuffer(vk::raii::Buffer &srcBuffer, vk::raii::Buffer &dstBuffer, vk::DeviceSize size)
	{
		vk::CommandBufferAllocateInfo allocInfo{.commandPool = *commandPool, .level = vk::CommandBufferLevel::ePrimary, .commandBufferCount = 1};
		vk::raii::CommandBuffer       commandCopyBuffer = std::move(device.allocateCommandBuffers(allocInfo).front());
		commandCopyBuffer.begin(vk::CommandBufferBeginInfo{.flags = vk::CommandBufferUsageFlagBits::eOneTimeSubmit});
		commandCopyBuffer.copyBuffer(*srcBuffer, *dstBuffer, vk::BufferCopy{.size = size});
		commandCopyBuffer.end();
		queue.submit(vk::SubmitInfo{.commandBufferCount = 1, .pCommandBuffers = &*commandCopyBuffer}, nullptr);
		queue.waitIdle();
	}

	uint32_t findMemoryType(uint32_t typeFilter, vk::MemoryPropertyFlags properties)
	{
		vk::PhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties memProperties = physicalDevice.getMemoryProperties();

		for (uint32_t i = 0; i < memProperties.memoryTypeCount; i++)
		{
			if ((typeFilter & (1 << i)) && (memProperties.memoryTypes[i].propertyFlags & properties) == properties)
			{
				return i;
			}
		}

		throw std::runtime_error("failed to find suitable memory type!");
	}

	void createCommandBuffers()
	{
		commandBuffers.clear();
		vk::CommandBufferAllocateInfo allocInfo{.commandPool = *commandPool, .level = vk::CommandBufferLevel::ePrimary, .commandBufferCount = MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT};
		commandBuffers = vk::raii::CommandBuffers(device, allocInfo);
	}

	void recordCommandBuffer(uint32_t imageIndex)
	{
		auto &commandBuffer = commandBuffers[frameIndex];
		commandBuffer.begin({});
		// Before starting rendering, transition the swapchain image to COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL
		transition_image_layout(
		    swapChainImages[imageIndex],
		    vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined,
		    vk::ImageLayout::eColorAttachmentOptimal,
		    {},                                                        // srcAccessMask (no need to wait for previous operations)
		    vk::AccessFlagBits2::eColorAttachmentWrite,                // dstAccessMask
		    vk::PipelineStageFlagBits2::eColorAttachmentOutput,        // srcStage
		    vk::PipelineStageFlagBits2::eColorAttachmentOutput,        // dstStage
		    vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor);
		// Transition depth image to depth attachment optimal layout
		transition_image_layout(
		    *depthImage,
		    vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined,
		    vk::ImageLayout::eDepthAttachmentOptimal,
		    vk::AccessFlagBits2::eDepthStencilAttachmentWrite,
		    vk::AccessFlagBits2::eDepthStencilAttachmentWrite,
		    vk::PipelineStageFlagBits2::eEarlyFragmentTests | vk::PipelineStageFlagBits2::eLateFragmentTests,
		    vk::PipelineStageFlagBits2::eEarlyFragmentTests | vk::PipelineStageFlagBits2::eLateFragmentTests,
		    vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eDepth);

		vk::ClearValue              clearColor     = vk::ClearColorValue(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
		vk::RenderingAttachmentInfo attachmentInfo = {
		    .imageView   = *swapChainImageViews[imageIndex],
		    .imageLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eColorAttachmentOptimal,
		    .loadOp      = vk::AttachmentLoadOp::eClear,
		    .storeOp     = vk::AttachmentStoreOp::eStore,
		    .clearValue  = clearColor};
		vk::ClearValue              clearDepth = vk::ClearDepthStencilValue{1.0f, 0};
		vk::RenderingAttachmentInfo depthAttachmentInfo{
		    .imageView   = *depthImageView,
		    .imageLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eDepthStencilAttachmentOptimal,
		    .loadOp      = vk::AttachmentLoadOp::eClear,
		    .storeOp     = vk::AttachmentStoreOp::eDontCare,
		    .clearValue  = clearDepth};
		vk::RenderingInfo renderingInfo = {
		    .renderArea           = {.offset = {0, 0}, .extent = swapChainExtent},
		    .layerCount           = 1,
		    .colorAttachmentCount = 1,
		    .pColorAttachments    = &attachmentInfo,
		    .pDepthAttachment     = &depthAttachmentInfo};
		commandBuffer.beginRendering(renderingInfo);
		commandBuffer.bindPipeline(vk::PipelineBindPoint::eGraphics, *graphicsPipeline);
		commandBuffer.setViewport(0, vk::Viewport(0.0f, 0.0f, static_cast<float>(swapChainExtent.width), static_cast<float>(swapChainExtent.height), 0.0f, 1.0f));
		commandBuffer.setScissor(0, vk::Rect2D(vk::Offset2D(0, 0), swapChainExtent));

		// Bind vertex and index buffers (shared by all objects)
		commandBuffer.bindVertexBuffers(0, *vertexBuffer, {0});
		commandBuffer.bindIndexBuffer(*indexBuffer, 0, vk::IndexType::eUint32);

		// Draw each object with its own descriptor set
		for (const auto &gameObject : gameObjects)
		{
			// Bind the descriptor set for this object
			commandBuffer.bindDescriptorSets(
			    vk::PipelineBindPoint::eGraphics,
			    *pipelineLayout,
			    0,
			    *gameObject.descriptorSets[frameIndex],
			    nullptr);

			// Draw the object
			commandBuffer.drawIndexed(indices.size(), 1, 0, 0, 0);
		}

		commandBuffer.endRendering();
		// After rendering, transition the swapchain image to PRESENT_SRC
		transition_image_layout(
		    swapChainImages[imageIndex],
		    vk::ImageLayout::eColorAttachmentOptimal,
		    vk::ImageLayout::ePresentSrcKHR,
		    vk::AccessFlagBits2::eColorAttachmentWrite,                // srcAccessMask
		    {},                                                        // dstAccessMask
		    vk::PipelineStageFlagBits2::eColorAttachmentOutput,        // srcStage
		    vk::PipelineStageFlagBits2::eBottomOfPipe,                 // dstStage
		    vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor);
		commandBuffer.end();
	}

	void transition_image_layout(
	    vk::Image               image,
	    vk::ImageLayout         old_layout,
	    vk::ImageLayout         new_layout,
	    vk::AccessFlags2        src_access_mask,
	    vk::AccessFlags2        dst_access_mask,
	    vk::PipelineStageFlags2 src_stage_mask,
	    vk::PipelineStageFlags2 dst_stage_mask,
	    vk::ImageAspectFlags    image_aspect_flags)
	{
		vk::ImageMemoryBarrier2 barrier = {
		    .srcStageMask        = src_stage_mask,
		    .srcAccessMask       = src_access_mask,
		    .dstStageMask        = dst_stage_mask,
		    .dstAccessMask       = dst_access_mask,
		    .oldLayout           = old_layout,
		    .newLayout           = new_layout,
		    .srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
		    .dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
		    .image               = image,
		    .subresourceRange    = {
		           .aspectMask     = image_aspect_flags,
		           .baseMipLevel   = 0,
		           .levelCount     = 1,
		           .baseArrayLayer = 0,
		           .layerCount     = 1}};
		vk::DependencyInfo dependency_info = {
		    .dependencyFlags         = {},
		    .imageMemoryBarrierCount = 1,
		    .pImageMemoryBarriers    = &barrier};
		commandBuffers[frameIndex].pipelineBarrier2(dependency_info);
	}

	void createSyncObjects()
	{
		assert(presentCompleteSemaphores.empty() && renderFinishedSemaphores.empty() && inFlightFences.empty());

		for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImages.size(); i++)
		{
			renderFinishedSemaphores.emplace_back(device, vk::SemaphoreCreateInfo());
		}

		for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++)
		{
			presentCompleteSemaphores.emplace_back(device, vk::SemaphoreCreateInfo());
			inFlightFences.emplace_back(device, vk::FenceCreateInfo{.flags = vk::FenceCreateFlagBits::eSignaled});
		}
	}

	void updateUniformBuffers()
	{
		static auto startTime     = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
		static auto lastFrameTime = startTime;
		auto        currentTime   = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
		float       time          = std::chrono::duration<float>(currentTime - startTime).count();
		float       deltaTime     = std::chrono::duration<float>(currentTime - lastFrameTime).count();
		lastFrameTime             = currentTime;

		// Camera and projection matrices (shared by all objects)
		glm::mat4 view = glm::lookAt(glm::vec3(2.0f, 2.0f, 6.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f));
		glm::mat4 proj = glm::perspective(glm::radians(45.0f), static_cast<float>(swapChainExtent.width) / static_cast<float>(swapChainExtent.height), 0.1f, 20.0f);
		proj[1][1] *= -1;

		// Update uniform buffers for each object
		for (auto &gameObject : gameObjects)
		{
			// Apply continuous rotation to the object based on frame time
			const float rotationSpeed = 0.5f;                          // Rotation speed in radians per second
			gameObject.rotation.y += rotationSpeed * deltaTime;        // Slow rotation around Y axis scaled by frame time

			// Get the model matrix for this object
			glm::mat4 model = gameObject.getModelMatrix();

			// Create and update the UBO
			UniformBufferObject ubo{
			    .model = model,
			    .view  = view,
			    .proj  = proj};

			// Copy the UBO data to the mapped memory
			memcpy(gameObject.uniformBuffersMapped[frameIndex], &ubo, sizeof(ubo));
		}
	}

	void drawFrame()
	{
		// Note: inFlightFences, presentCompleteSemaphores, and commandBuffers are indexed by frameIndex,
		//       while renderFinishedSemaphores is indexed by imageIndex
		auto fenceResult = device.waitForFences(*inFlightFences[frameIndex], vk::True, UINT64_MAX);
		if (fenceResult != vk::Result::eSuccess)
		{
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to wait for fence!");
		}

		auto [result, imageIndex] = swapChain.acquireNextImage(UINT64_MAX, *presentCompleteSemaphores[frameIndex], nullptr);

		// Due to VULKAN_HPP_HANDLE_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_AS_SUCCESS being defined, eErrorOutOfDateKHR can be checked as a result
		// here and does not need to be caught by an exception.
		if (result == vk::Result::eErrorOutOfDateKHR)
		{
			recreateSwapChain();
			return;
		}
		// On other success codes than eSuccess and eSuboptimalKHR we just throw an exception.
		// On any error code, aquireNextImage already threw an exception.
		if (result != vk::Result::eSuccess && result != vk::Result::eSuboptimalKHR)
		{
			assert(result == vk::Result::eTimeout || result == vk::Result::eNotReady);
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to acquire swap chain image!");
		}

		// Update uniform buffers for all objects
		updateUniformBuffers();

		// Only reset the fence if we are submitting work
		device.resetFences(*inFlightFences[frameIndex]);

		commandBuffers[frameIndex].reset();
		recordCommandBuffer(imageIndex);

		vk::PipelineStageFlags waitDestinationStageMask(vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eColorAttachmentOutput);
		const vk::SubmitInfo   submitInfo{.waitSemaphoreCount   = 1,
		                                  .pWaitSemaphores      = &*presentCompleteSemaphores[frameIndex],
		                                  .pWaitDstStageMask    = &waitDestinationStageMask,
		                                  .commandBufferCount   = 1,
		                                  .pCommandBuffers      = &*commandBuffers[frameIndex],
		                                  .signalSemaphoreCount = 1,
		                                  .pSignalSemaphores    = &*renderFinishedSemaphores[imageIndex]};
		queue.submit(submitInfo, *inFlightFences[frameIndex]);

		const vk::PresentInfoKHR presentInfoKHR{.waitSemaphoreCount = 1,
		                                        .pWaitSemaphores    = &*renderFinishedSemaphores[imageIndex],
		                                        .swapchainCount     = 1,
		                                        .pSwapchains        = &*swapChain,
		                                        .pImageIndices      = &imageIndex};
		result = queue.presentKHR(presentInfoKHR);
		// Due to VULKAN_HPP_HANDLE_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_AS_SUCCESS being defined, eErrorOutOfDateKHR can be checked as a result
		// here and does not need to be caught by an exception.
		if ((result == vk::Result::eSuboptimalKHR) || (result == vk::Result::eErrorOutOfDateKHR) || framebufferResized)
		{
			framebufferResized = false;
			recreateSwapChain();
		}
		else
		{
			// There are no other success codes than eSuccess; on any error code, presentKHR already threw an exception.
			assert(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
		}
		frameIndex = (frameIndex + 1) % MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT;
	}

	[[nodiscard]] vk::raii::ShaderModule createShaderModule(const std::vector<char> &code) const
	{
		vk::ShaderModuleCreateInfo createInfo{.codeSize = code.size(), .pCode = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t *>(code.data())};
		vk::raii::ShaderModule     shaderModule{device, createInfo};

		return shaderModule;
	}

	static uint32_t chooseSwapMinImageCount(vk::SurfaceCapabilitiesKHR const &surfaceCapabilities)
	{
		auto minImageCount = std::max(3u, surfaceCapabilities.minImageCount);
		if ((0 < surfaceCapabilities.maxImageCount) && (surfaceCapabilities.maxImageCount < minImageCount))
		{
			minImageCount = surfaceCapabilities.maxImageCount;
		}
		return minImageCount;
	}

	static vk::SurfaceFormatKHR chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(const std::vector<vk::SurfaceFormatKHR> &availableFormats)
	{
		assert(!availableFormats.empty());
		const auto formatIt = std::ranges::find_if(
		    availableFormats,
		    [](const auto &format) { return format.format == vk::Format::eB8G8R8A8Srgb && format.colorSpace == vk::ColorSpaceKHR::eSrgbNonlinear; });
		return formatIt != availableFormats.end() ? *formatIt : availableFormats[0];
	}

	static vk::PresentModeKHR chooseSwapPresentMode(const std::vector<vk::PresentModeKHR> &availablePresentModes)
	{
		assert(std::ranges::any_of(availablePresentModes, [](auto presentMode) { return presentMode == vk::PresentModeKHR::eFifo; }));
		return std::ranges::any_of(availablePresentModes,
		                           [](const vk::PresentModeKHR value) { return vk::PresentModeKHR::eMailbox == value; }) ?
		           vk::PresentModeKHR::eMailbox :
		           vk::PresentModeKHR::eFifo;
	}

	vk::Extent2D chooseSwapExtent(const vk::SurfaceCapabilitiesKHR &capabilities)
	{
		if (capabilities.currentExtent.width != 0xFFFFFFFF)
		{
			return capabilities.currentExtent;
		}
#if PLATFORM_DESKTOP
		int width, height;
		glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);
#else
		ANativeWindow *window = androidAppState.nativeWindow;
		int            width  = ANativeWindow_getWidth(window);
		int            height = ANativeWindow_getHeight(window);
#endif
		return {
		    std::clamp<uint32_t>(width, capabilities.minImageExtent.width, capabilities.maxImageExtent.width),
		    std::clamp<uint32_t>(height, capabilities.minImageExtent.height, capabilities.maxImageExtent.height)};
	}

	[[nodiscard]] std::vector<const char *> getRequiredExtensions() const
	{
		std::vector<const char *> extensions;

#if PLATFORM_DESKTOP
		// Get GLFW extensions
		uint32_t glfwExtensionCount = 0;
		auto     glfwExtensions     = glfwGetRequiredInstanceExtensions(&glfwExtensionCount);
		extensions.assign(glfwExtensions, glfwExtensions + glfwExtensionCount);
#else
		// Android extensions
		extensions.push_back(VK_KHR_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME);
		extensions.push_back(VK_KHR_ANDROID_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME);
#endif

		// Add debug extensions if validation layers are enabled
		if (enableValidationLayers)
		{
			extensions.push_back(VK_EXT_DEBUG_UTILS_EXTENSION_NAME);
		}

		return extensions;
	}

	[[nodiscard]] bool checkValidationLayerSupport() const
	{
		return (std::ranges::any_of(context.enumerateInstanceLayerProperties(),
		                            [](vk::LayerProperties const &lp) { return (strcmp("VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation", lp.layerName) == 0); }));
	}

	static VKAPI_ATTR vk::Bool32 VKAPI_CALL debugCallback(vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT severity, vk::DebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT type, const vk::DebugUtilsMessengerCallbackDataEXT *pCallbackData, void *)
	{
		if (severity == vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT::eError || severity == vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT::eWarning)
		{
			std::cerr << "validation layer: type " << to_string(type) << " msg: " << pCallbackData->pMessage << std::endl;
		}

		return vk::False;
	}

	std::vector<char> readFile(const std::string &filename)
	{
#if PLATFORM_ANDROID
		// Android asset loading
		if (androidAppState.app == nullptr)
		{
			LOGE("Android app not initialized");
			throw std::runtime_error("Android app not initialized");
		}
		AAsset *asset = AAssetManager_open(androidAppState.app->activity->assetManager, filename.c_str(), AASSET_MODE_BUFFER);
		if (!asset)
		{
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to open file: " + filename);
		}

		size_t            size = AAsset_getLength(asset);
		std::vector<char> buffer(size);
		AAsset_read(asset, buffer.data(), size);
		AAsset_close(asset);
#else
		// Desktop file loading
		std::ifstream file(filename, std::ios::ate | std::ios::binary);
		if (!file.is_open())
		{
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to open file: " + filename);
		}

		size_t            fileSize = static_cast<size_t>(file.tellg());
		std::vector<char> buffer(fileSize);
		file.seekg(0);
		file.read(buffer.data(), fileSize);
		file.close();
#endif
		return buffer;
	}
};

#if PLATFORM_ANDROID
void android_main(android_app *app)
{
	app_dummy();

	VulkanApplication vulkanApp;
	vulkanApp.run(app);
}
#else
int main()
{
	try
	{
		VulkanApplication app;
		app.run();
	}
	catch (const std::exception &e)
	{
		LOGE("%s", e.what());
		return EXIT_FAILURE;
	}
	return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
#endif